The branches were created prior to the associated dessert release and receive regular merges from LTS, but no new features. For example, android If a kernel version wasn't a launch kernel, no dessert kernel was created, but the kernel associated with the most recent platform release is valid for upgrading to future Android platform releases. It's also supported and tested with the platform releases that support upgrades of devices running 4. Because the dessert naming scheme for Android platform releases was dropped with Android 10, the last dessert releases that would have been called android Dessert kernels are superseded by KMI kernels beginning with Android 11, so the complete list of supported dessert kernels is in this table.
Release kernels are maintained to provide backports of patches cited in the monthly Android Security Bulletin. They were created for each launch kernel when there was a new Android platform release. They're deprecated when the associated kernel or platform release is deprecated as described in Support lifetimes and security patches.
Every month when the Android Security Bulletin is published, these kernels are updated with backports of the patches cited in the bulletin that are relevant to the upstream kernels and Android common kernels.
They don't receive LTS patches, so the minor version number never changes. They don't contain backports for vendor-specific patches. In Android 11 and later platform releases, partners must merge from dessert or KMI kernels to apply the patches cited in the Android Security Bulletin.
No release kernel will be created for Android 11 or later platform releases. Therefore, the complete list of 14 release kernels is shown in this table, and none will be added. Each Android platform release supports launching new devices based on any of three Linux kernel versions. As shown in the table below, the launch kernels for Android 11 are android Because kernel upgrades aren't generally required when updating the platform release, kernels that are missing the latest features for a platform release can still be used to launch devices.
Therefore kernels that were designed for Android 10, like android Starting with Android 12, there will be fewer feature kernels than launch kernels to limit the number of stable KMIs that must be supported.
Common kernel hierarchy Branching from android-mainline The top level of the common kernel hierarchy is shown in Figure 1. Notice that the new Android common kernel android In , when the next LTS is declared, android As shown in Figure 1, each kernel version is the basis for two KMI kernels. For example, the two v5.
This will be the case for 5. To clarify the development process and branch lifecycle, Figure 2 focuses on the KMI branches for 5. Each KMI branch cycles through three phases indicated in Figure 2 by different colors in each branch. As shown, LTS is regularly merged regardless of the phase. When it's created, a KMI branch enters the development phase dev in Figure 2 , and is open for feature contributions for the next Android platform release.
In Figure 2, android The second KMI branch for a kernel version might be created earlier to allow for development of the subsequent release.
When the KMI branch is declared feature complete, it enters the stabilization phase , labeled as stab in Figure 2. Most of them are optional and each kernel branch should come with a proper default configuration. The most frequently used ones are listed here. If you need to switch a kernel configuration option regularly, for example, when working on a feature, or if you need an option to be set for development purposes, you can achieve that flexibility by maintaining a local modification or copy of the build config.
As the build. A common example is disabling link time optimization LTO for crosshatch kernels during development. While LTO is beneficial for released kernels, the overhead at build time can be significant. The following snippet added to the local build. You can identify the correct version to build from two sources: the AOSP tree and the system image. The git log reveals the correct version as part of the commit message:. If the kernel version isn't listed in the git log, obtain it from the system image, as described below.
These patches will be merged automatically in the corresponding common kernels. If the patch is already in upstream Linux, post a backport of the patch that conforms to the patch requirements below. Unless these are fixing an Android-specific bug, these are very unlikely to be accepted unless they have been coordinated with kernel-team android.
If you want to proceed, post a patch that conforms to the patch requirements below. Skip to content. Getting Started. Testing with TF. Through Tradefed. Through Suite. Developing TF. XML Configuration. Global Configuration. Advanced Concepts. Device Manager. Device setup. Evaluating Performance.
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